LANDBRIDGE

Landmass over which containers offloaded from ships at one or more ports at its either coast are transported by rail or truck to the ports at the other coast for onward journey on ships.

UNDERSTANDING the environment of the Bering land bridge and determining the timing of late Wisconsin inundation are important for several areas of study. These include: the timing of the re-establishment of circulation between Pacific and Atlantic Oceans; the timing of development of a northern biotic refugium and the closing of the bridge to species immigration; Palaeoindian migration routes; and palaeotopographic data for atmospheric general circulation models.

How and when humans first came to the Americas has long been a topic of intense debate. Theories to explain the colonization of the New World — the last great habitable landmass to be occupied by humans — focus on the Bering land bridge, or Beringia, which emerged between Siberia and Alaska during the last ice age. Rising from seas drained by the water-locking effect of spreading ice caps, Beringia is said to have given passage to the forebears of Native Americans anywhere between 40,000 and 15,000 years ago.

The continent of North America has been inhabited by humans for at least 16,500 years. As early as the 1500s, early settlers and European thinkers were interested in discovering how humans had come to populated North and South America. One theory suggested the migration of Norsemen across Greenland into North America. Another theory proposed the island of Atlantis as the origins of human life in the New World. Yet another idea proposed that the inhabitants had generated out of mud.

A land bridge, in biogeography, is an isthmus or wider land connection between otherwise separate areas, over which animals and plants are able to cross and colonise new lands. A land bridge can be created by marine regression, in which sea levels fall, exposing shallow, previously submerged sections of continental shelf; or when new land is created by plate tectonics; or occasionally when the sea floor rises due to post-glacial rebound after an ice age.

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